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Metal halides perovskites, such as hybrid organic–inorganic CH 3NH 3PbI 3, are newcomer optoelectronic materials that have attracted enormous attention as solution-deposited absorbing layers in solar cells with power conversion efficiencies reaching 20%. Sonic 3 hd game. Herein we demonstrate a new avenue for halide perovskites by designing highly luminescent perovskite-based colloidal quantum dot materials. We have synthesized monodisperse colloidal nanocubes (4–15 nm edge lengths) of fully inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX 3, X = Cl, Br, and I or mixed halide systems Cl/Br and Br/I) using inexpensive commercial precursors.

Through compositional modulations and quantum size-effects, the bandgap energies and emission spectra are readily tunable over the entire visible spectral region of 410–700 nm. The photoluminescence of CsPbX 3 nanocrystals is characterized by narrow emission line-widths of 12–42 nm, wide color gamut covering up to 140% of the NTSC color standard, high quantum yields of up to 90%, and radiative lifetimes in the range of 1–29 ns. The compelling combination of enhanced optical properties and chemical robustness makes CsPbX 3 nanocrystals appealing for optoelectronic applications, particularly for blue and green spectral regions (410–530 nm), where typical metal chalcogenide-based quantum dots suffer from photodegradation. Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs, typically 2–20 nm large), also known as nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs), are being studied intensively as future optoelectronic materials.

These QD materials feature a very favorable combination of quantum-size effects, enhancing their optical properties with respect to their bulk counterparts, versatile surface chemistry, and a “free” colloidal state, allowing their dispersion into a variety of solvents and matrices and eventual incorporation into various devices. To date, the best developed optoelectronic NCs in terms of size, shape, and composition are binary and multinary (ternary, quaternary) metal chalcogenide NCs. In contrast, the potential of semiconducting metal halides in the form of colloidal NCs remains rather unexplored. In this regard, recent reports on highly efficient photovoltaic devices with certified power conversion efficiencies approaching 20% using hybrid organic–inorganic lead halides MAPbX 3 (MA = CH 3NH 3, X = Cl, Br, and I) as semiconducting absorber layers are highly encouraging. Uncharted pc license key. In this study, we turn readers’ attention to a closely related family of materials: all-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX 3, X = Cl, Br, I, and mixed Cl/Br and Br/I systems; isostructural to perovskite CaTiO 3 and related oxides).

These ternary compounds are far less soluble in common solvents (contrary to MAPbX 3), which is a shortcoming for direct solution processing but a necessary attribute for obtaining these compounds in the form of colloidal NCs. Although the synthesis, crystallography, and photoconductivity of direct bandgap CsPbX 3 have been reported more than 50 years ago, they have never been explored in the form of colloidal nanomaterials. Here we report a facile colloidal synthesis of monodisperse, 4–15 nm CsPbX 3 NCs with cubic shape and cubic perovskite crystal structure. CsPbX 3 NCs exhibit not only compositional bandgap engineering, but owing to the exciton Bohr diameter of up to 12 nm, also exhibit size-tunability of their bandgap energies through the entire visible spectral region of 410–700 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) of CsPbX 3 NCs is characterized by narrow emission line widths of 12–42 nm, high quantum yields of 50–90%, and short radiative lifetimes of 1–29 ns. Our solution-phase synthesis of monodisperse CsPbX 3 NCs (Figure ) takes advantage of the ionic nature of the chemical bonding in these compounds.

Controlled arrested precipitation of Cs +, Pb 2+, and X – ions into CsPbX 3 NCs is obtained by reacting Cs-oleate with a Pb(II)-halide in a high boiling solvent (octadecene) at 140–200 °C (for details, see the ). A 1:1 mixture of oleylamine and oleic acid are added into octadecene to solubilize PbX 2 and to colloidally stabilize the NCs. As one would expect for an ionic metathesis reaction, the nucleation and growth kinetics are very fast. In situ PL measurements with a CCD-array detector ( Figure S1) indicate that the majority of growth occurs within the first 1–3 s (faster for heavier halides). Consequently, the size of CsPbX 3 NCs can be most conveniently tuned in the range of 4–15 nm by the reaction temperature (140–200 °C) rather than by the growth time. Mixed-halide perovskites, that is, CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 and CsPb(Br/I) 3, can be readily produced by combining appropriate ratios of PbX 2 salts. Note that Cl/I perovskites cannot be obtained due to the large difference in ionic radii, which is in good agreement with the phase diagram for bulk materials.