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Kingdom: Phylum: Class: (unranked): (unranked): Superorder: Order: Siphonaptera, 1825 Suborders Aphaniptera Fleas are small flightless that form the Siphonaptera. As external of and, they live by of their hosts. Adults are up to about 3 mm (0.12 in) long and usually brown. Bodies flattened sideways enable them to move through their host's fur or feathers; strong claws prevent them from being dislodged. Chamillionaire songs. They lack wings, and have mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking and hind legs adapted for jumping. The latter enable them to leap a distance of some 50 times their body length, a feat second only to jumps made. Larvae are worm-like with no limbs; they have chewing mouthparts and feed on organic debris.

Over 2,500 species of fleas have been described worldwide. The Siphonaptera are most closely related to the snow scorpionflies (), placing them within the insect order. Fleas arose in the early, most likely as ectoparasites of, before moving on to other groups including.

Each species of flea is more or less a specialist on its host animal species: many species never breed on any other host, though some are less selective. Some families of fleas are exclusive to a single host group: for example, the Malacopsyllidae are found only on, the Ischnopsyllidae only on, and the Chimaeropsyllidae only on. The oriental rat flea,, is a of, the which causes. The disease was spread by rodents such as the, which were bitten by fleas that then infected humans. Major outbreaks included the and the, both of which killed a sizeable fraction of the world's population.

Fleas appear in human culture in such diverse forms as, poems like 's erotic, works of music such as by, and a film. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Morphology and behavior [ ] Fleas are wingless insects, 1/16 to 1/8-inch (1.5 to 3.3 mm) long, that are agile, usually dark colored (for example, the reddish-brown of the ), with a, or stylet, adapted to feeding by piercing the skin and sucking their host's blood through their epipharynx. Flea legs end in strong claws that are adapted to grasp a host.

Unlike other insects, fleas do not possess but instead only have simple eyespots with a single biconvex lens; some species lack eyes altogether. Their bodies are laterally compressed, permitting easy movement through the hairs or feathers on the host's body (or in the case of humans, under clothing). The flea body is covered with hard plates called sclerites. These sclerites are covered with many hairs and short spines directed backward, which also assist its movements on the host. The tough body is able to withstand great pressure, likely an to survive attempts to eliminate them by scratching.

Fleas lay tiny, white, oval eggs. The larvae are small and pale, have bristles covering their worm-like bodies, lack eyes, and have mouth parts adapted to chewing.

The larvae feed on organic matter, especially the feces of mature fleas, which contain dried blood. Adults feed only on fresh blood. Jumping [ ] Their legs are long, the hind pair well adapted for jumping; a flea can jump vertically up to 7 in (18 cm) and horizontally up to 13 in (33 cm), making the flea one of the best jumpers of all known animals (relative to body size), second only to the. The flea jump is so rapid and forceful that it exceeds the capabilities of muscle, and instead of relying on direct muscle power, fleas store muscle energy in a pad of the elastic protein named before releasing it rapidly (like a human using a bow and arrow). Immediately before the jump, muscles contract and deform the resilin pad, slowly storing energy which can then be released extremely rapidly to power leg extension for propulsion. To prevent premature release of energy or motions of the leg, the flea employs a 'catch mechanism'. Early in the jump, the tendon of the primary jumping muscle passes slightly behind the coxa-trochanter joint, generating a which holds the joint closed with the leg close to the body.